LAND DEGRADATION PROCESS

I. INTRODUCTION

To facilitate understanding of the geo-physical degradation processes in order to Basics Course Environmental Impact Analysis, is more obvious when traced from the nature of word processing; degradation; and geo-physical may be withdrawn prior to the proper meaning. The process is a way, change / change, or how to change, how to change something from one state to another than its original state. Degradation comes from Degradation or degrade, which means decreasing a level (grade) of something the state, condition, quality, or quantity. While the geo-physical aspects of the environment is one aspect in addition biotis and social aspects of economic and social culture. Thus is the process of geo-physical degradation, none other than the way, change, change reduced levels of state, condition, quality, or quantity of geo-physical aspects of the environment as a result of the development.


The definition is no different from understanding the negative impacts of development, because environmental impacts (Act No. RI. 23, 1997, Article 1, paragraph 20), is the effect of changes in the environment caused by a business and / or activity. Nevertheless in the analysis of the environmental impacts should be noted that in addition to understanding the environmental impacts, as noted above, it should be understood terms of major and significant impact (PP No. 27 Year 1999, Article 1, paragraph 2) is to change the very basic environmental caused by a business and / or activity. In talks geo-physical degradation process of course will not achieve greater impact conversation and important, but at least until the change of environment or environmental impacts.

Environment (UURI No. 23 Year 1997 article 1 paragraph 1) is a unit of space with all the objects, resources, circumstances, and living creatures, including humans and their behavior, which affect the sustainability of livelihood and welfare of human beings and other living creatures life. The meaning of objects is an aspect of state power and geo-physical environment which consists of environmental components such as climate, physiography, hydrology, hidrooseanografi, land space and land. The meaning of life other than human beings are aspects of the environment, including components biotis flora and fauna. Human being and his behavior and socio-economic and socio-cultural or demographic profile including population, social activities both economic and cultural fields.

Understanding the unity of space, exactly is the unity of spatial (spatial entity), is that the presence of elements or components agihan environment are in a relationship, dependency, affect each other and follow each other in a single order thoroughly intact. Furthermore, this is referred to as ecosystems (UURI No.23 Year 1997, Article 1 number 4) is the arrangement of environmental elements that are integrated and comprehensive and mutual influence in shaping the balance of stability and productivity of the environment.

Thus, any harassment against one of the environmental component may result in changes in other environmental components. Development is essentially always lead to changes in environmental components. So that components do not experience degradation of the environment of Indonesia development-oriented Insight Development Environment (Law No. RI. 23, 1997, Article 1 Figure 3), is a conscious and planned effort that combines elements of the environment, including resources, into the development process to ensure capability , welfare, and quality of life of the present generation and future generations.

In the context of geo-physical degradation process will be dealt degradation, (geomorphology), land degradation, degradation and water quality conditions, and degradation of air quality.


II. DEGRADATION PROCESS

Within geomorphology is the degradation is the process of becoming the low surface of the earth as a result of the process of weathering, the process of moving the rocks, and the process of erosion.

The process is the disintegration of rock weathering (menjadinya rock fragments) and the decomposition of rock (menjadinya changes the chemical makeup of rocks) in place. This rock outcrop is influenced by climatic factors, topography, lithology, and vegetation or biota. Rock weathering process is the beginning of soil formation. The process of the rock movement (mass wasting, gravitative transfered, or mass movement) is a down slope movement of rock debris on a large scale from slow to fast under the direct influence of gravitational force. Motion during these rocks generally occur on steep slopes which is driven by structural geology / geomorphology of unstable rock. Based on the type of movement and type of rock, the rock motion is divided based on the type of slow to very slow movements (creep), including soil creep, creep loose stone, stone gletsyer creep, and solifluction; type of slow motion to fast (flow, flow), including lava Flow, or Earth, and debris, mudflow, avalanches; type that moves very fast (avalanche of land, land-slides), including its free fall soil material, loose rock, and rock debris, meluncurnya soil material, rock boulders, rock rubble in the field of launchers and landslides on the surface of terputar (slump) that frequently occur in the river cliffs or steep cliffs, and the last is the type terban (subsidence) that can occur as the ruins of a cave roof, plastering amblegan as a result of oil or excessive ground water.

While erosion, in geomorphology, it is too loose and terangkutnya process earth materials by the energy of water flowing geomorphology, wave-current-tsunami, gletsyer, and wind. Erosion is generally known is the erosion by water power or accelerated erosion is the erosion due to the influence of human intervention (in addition to the known geological erosion and the erosion of normal). The process of erosion occurs from the onset of rain drops hit the soil surface, is referred to the type of rain splash erosion, runoff and runoff that flows resulted in widespread erosion type sheet; surface stream that flows lead the type of concentrated flow erosion and gully erosion type.

Level the greater the danger of erosion due to deforestation and haphazard land landslides resulted in the emergence of critical lands, namely the use of farm land not in accordance with the ability to cause damage to farm land in the physical, chemical and biological orohidrologi to interfere with the functions, governance water, agricultural and socio-economic and socio-cultural, which resulted in landslides and erosion and sedimentation upstream section and flooding in downstream areas of the watershed. Makin meningkatnyqa hazards and natural disasters on developing countries, such as landslides, land, soil erosion, floods and droughts; as a result of efforts to meet the needs for food, clothing and shelter to the forgotten control and conservation of forests, soil and water; encourage the United Nations initiated natural disaster reduction efforts internationally. For those reasons, the last decade of this century 20 (1990-2000), known as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction or the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.


III. LAND DEGRADATION

Land degradation (excerpted from the APA Vink, Landscape Ecology and Land Use, 1983) is not integral to the conservation of land and land development is only appropriate when land degradation has occurred. When in fact the conservation of land or land development or both need to always be done while land degradation has not occurred, namely to develop the area for a special land use.

Various human activities in land use for urban, industry and agriculture has resulted in intensive land-use change at all, thereby SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) of ICSU (International Council of Scientefic Union) introduced the term transformation of the land according to a the fact that the land in the world including its waters is growing rapidly and extensively changing as a result of human activities.
Land degradation is expressed as the erosion is a phenomenon well known as a standard, at least for farmers in various countries. Manjadi land degradation now a very comprehensive subject which is seen as part of the environmental crisis in the modern world (Eckholm, 1978). Land degradation is very serious impact on the poorest countries in the world and also the inhabitants who are poor. Means, in some countries, the unavailability of food for population growth, and this is a major global problem which continues to grow.
Logging arbitrary is the main cause of land degradation. Nevertheless it is not possible the entire forest is maintained because the population needs food, as well as agricultural products and forestry such as clothing, shelter or paper. Terencanakannya uncontrolled and not properly logging is probably the greatest ecological danger. Almost impossible to give general guidance about the quantity and the way logging is still allowed in certain circumstances. This is determined by the possibilities and requirements of local or regional landscape maps based on ecological and other scientific considerations, in addition to social and economic data in the process of integration of land evaluation. The only clues are very common, is of both ecological and economic point of view which to him are considering convergence of agricultural land use that has the best fit between the land and its use in each province of a country.

In a report published by FAO for the Environment conference in Stockholm Sweden in 1972 which is the United Nations Conference, Rauschkolb (1971) mentions subjects including land degradation;

1) erosion;
2) salinization and alkalinisasi;
3) organic waste (mainly from urban areas);
4) and disease outbreaks (both for humans, animals, and growth) and the spread of organisms that spread the infection;
5) inorganic industrial waste (gas, liquid and solid)
6) pesticides;
7) radioactive materials;
8) heavy metals;
9) chemical fertilizer;
10) detergent.

IV. AIR AND WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION CONDITIONS

Some important points of water degradation, namely:
1) complete changes of water conditions in general as the main cause of floods, droughts, changes in microclimate and danger to human health;

2) The deterioration of water resources both in quantity and quality is not good because of the lack of water management and soil conservation and water pollution;

3) The destruction of water resources due to usage that exceeds the limit, causing sea water intrusion in coastal areas, compaction and amblegnya clay in the peat, all of which as a result of bad drainage;

4) Increased levels of erosion and salinization because it is not good for agricultural water management.

In the discussion of land degradation has been mentioned that the emphasis of forest ment haphazardly is a major cause of land Degras-tie. Similarly, degradation of water conditions can be caused by logging arbitrarily. Due to deforestation caused reduced evapotranspiration, infiltration, evaporation and water binding capacity; to increase the quantity of runoff that causes flooding in the rainy season and dry season drought, in addition to increasing the activity of both erosion erosion surface, groove or gully erosion, which will consequently lead to increased sedimentation and silting it up hinga river flooding.

According to Sanford (Verstappen, 1983) is the hardness of light is a state of lack of some basic commodities such as water, food plants, and grasses as a result of low rainfall or uneven distribution. Danger drought occurs mainly in semi-arid regions, as happened in Ethiopia. Areas prone to drought can be determined based on several facts, among others, rarely or absence of vegetation, the presence xerophita plants, development of wind formations like the desert and desert sand. To determine the possibility of areas affected by drought hazard information to be considered are:

1) local coarse texture and poor soil organic matter;
2) the mountainous area in the ground water;
3) region located in the arid mintakad;
4) decrease in density or changes in vegetation cover and vegetation types as a result of the pasture;
5) human activity, such as plastering water wells, which can lower the ground water.


V. AIR QUALITY DEGRADATION

Degradation of air quality can occur because of air pollution that is, an event the entry of foreign substances into the air causing air quality to decline and could disrupt or endanger the health of living beings. Causes of air pollution can come from nature are volcanic eruptions, or come as a result of human activities in industry (stationary) and moving vehicles as transportation activities. Air quality is considered based on the draft Regulation of the Minister of Health about air quality requirements of the Environment.

Air quality parameters which consist of physical parameters: temperature and humidity and wind speed and direction; chemical parameters namely: dust or pollutant particles and gases such as CO2, SO2, NOx, H2S, hydrocarbon vapors and photos oxidizing chemicals. The elements of these pollutants would be very dangerous if these elements accumulate, sector in a region with relatively long retention time. Effect caused all kinds depending on the type of pollutant or time of residence. At a certain concentration of pollutant elements can interfere with human health, animals and plants and even destroy buildings. In big cities and industrial areas of air pollution perceived opinion increasingly troubling, especially coming from a factory chimney, motorized vehicle exhaust and dust that was flying everywhere, that in time will cause a lot of serious disturbances which if not tackled early. Air and water pollution as a result of the industrial waste disposal needs careful attention, remembering the days of the upcoming industry is government policy that is taken in addition to agriculture and plantation sector. Air pollution caused by motorized vehicles is also very disturbing because in addition to the resulting effect is also relatively difficult to overcome. Similarly, noise caused ago lalangnya engined vehicles such.


VI. CONCLUSION

Air pollution, water and land have been heard going on everywhere is causing the degradation of air quality, water and land as the embodiment of the degradation of air, water and land as the embodiment of the degradation of air, water and land. Environmentally sound development of Indonesia will not break even always preserve the environment. One effort to achieve this is by requiring every plan to implement development activities Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).


REFERENCES

Anonimous, 1997. UURI No. About 23 Year 1997 Environmental Management. Jakarta: State Ministry of Development Supervision and the Environment.

Anonimous, 1999. PPRI No. 27 Year 1999 About the Environmental Impact Assessment. Jakarta: State Ministry of Population and Environment.

Budi Harsanto, 1985. Air Pollution. EIA Course Materials Lecture PPLH UGM, Yogyakarta.
Sugeng Martopo, 1991. Degradation of Materials Lecture Course biophysical EIA PPLH UGM, Yogyakarta.

Vink, A.P.A., 1983. Landscope Ecology and Land Use. Longman Group Limited, London.

By: RATIH FITRIA PUTRI (Double Degree Master Programe MPPDAS UGM - Remote Sensing Chiba University,Japan)